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A Sociology Exhibit

Organizing Relationships

The Principles of Sociology : Volume 3 (by Spencer, Herbert)
Sketches of the Fair Sex, in All Parts o... (by Charles William Wason)
Socialism (Le Socialisme) (by Durkheim, Emile)
Ancient Society : Or, Researches in the ... (by Morgan, Lewis Henry)
The History and Meaning of the Term Soci... (by Shields, Leo William)
Applied Eugenics (by Roswell Hill Johnson)
Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India (by Bimala Charan Law)
The Principles of Sociology : Volume 2 (by Spencer, Herbert)
Taboo and genetics, a study of the biolo... (by Knight, Melvin Moses)
Society, Its Origin and Development (by Rowe, Henry Kalloch)
The Christian Faith and Human Relations ... (by Bitting, William Coleman)
The Rise of David Levinsky; A Novel (by Cahan, Abraham)
The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarte... (by Mendheim, Barbara Anne)
The Principles of Sociology : Volume 1 (by Spencer, Herbert)
Criminal Sociology (by Ferri, Enrico)

Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit

Many disciplines beyond Sociology, such as Mathematics and Psychology and Economics, are utilized in the Social Sciences. In our Collections under these and other topics, contain hundreds of titles by writers and theorists who have dedicated to their lives to the study of human society. Featured books in the following collections include Herbert Spencer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Talcott Parsons and David Emile Durkheim.

Sociology of Past Power Structures

Throughout history, all sub-disciplines of Sociology, as well and religious and government groups have been studied and experimented with different methods of social organization of population. Sometimes, these attempts at social definitions and control have been tempered, but at other times, rigid – some men have use groups for their own gain. Ultimately, however, if social organization is to be implemented, it has to be understood.

From the beginning of time, both men and animals have used verbal and non-verbal cues and strategies to enforce hierarchy. With chimpanzees, it is the Alpha Male. With men: Domesday Books, mathematics and accounting, psychology and linguistics. The word “organization” is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ." Therefore, studies of how groups of people (with a common goal) structure themselves, is the study of mankind and its relationships as a collective.

The Domesday Book, created under the reign of William the Conqueror, has been studied to understand the role of documentation in asserting authority and also to facilitate taxation. According to Young Folks’ History of England, William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England. In 1086, he ordered the documentation of land, livestock and taxes under the administration of the previous rulers, to find out what would be transferred over to Norman rule. Whatever was recorded in the Domesday book could not be appealed. The data that William the Conqueror collected into the Domesday book revealed his tendency for control. In the book titled, William the Conqueror, it is said that “William would not set...over any part of his dominions before his time, and it was his policy to keep his children dependent on him. While he enriched his brothers, he did not give the smallest scrap of the spoils of England to his sons” (William the Conqueror, World Heritage Encyclopedia). Robert, his son, was angry about this and fought his father in a battle, but later asked for his pardon. Today, the Domesday Books is considered an artifact of sociological research. Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886 examines how this document changed the course of history in the United Kingdom (Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886, Edward P. Dove).

Debates in Defining Sociology

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a 19th-Century Belgian mathematician, statistician and sociologist who introduced statistical methods into the social sciences. He assigned variables to the complexity of social phenomena, in order to measure the statistical laws underlying crime, marriage or suicide rates. Other scientists thought his ideas were controversial because it contradicted freedom of choice (“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

The author of Adolphe Quetelet, A Statistician discusses Auguste Comte as another researcher of social physics and sociology, but that Quetelet invented the method of investigation for “social physics” (Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician, Frank Hamilton Hawkins). So Comte reinvented the term sociologie (sociology) to differentiate it from Quetelet’s collection of statistics (“Adolphe Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Comte believed that there was an order of nature, not of man, which could be scientifically understood by unifying history, psychology and economics. Social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, or using a broader philosophy that methodologically orders scientific observations (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). In this book, Ward writes Comte’s use of the term “hierarchy” did not imply subordination. “There is genetic affiliation without subordination. The more complex and less exact sciences may be regarded as the children of the more simple and exact ones, but between parent and offspring there is no difference or rank.” Additionally, he wrote that Comte “laid the foundations for understanding the more complex sciences by acquainting himself with the simpler ones upon which the other sciences successively rest” (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). Other social scientists like Karl Marx also mixed scientific methods to measure social impacts of industrialization occurring in Europe, documented in his work Wage Labour and Capital ("Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx).

Studying Social Life

David Émile Durkheim was a 19th century French sociologist who believed that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. Barbara Anne Mendheim however, applied sociology differently in The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. She writes that people gain knowledge of the social world by identifying typicality and finding language to order their social experience. For example, girls understand that being a girl means being personally relevant and intimate with other people. Boys understand being a boy through being powerful and competent in the world (The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom, Barbara Anne Mendheim). However, in Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes uses sociological methods to explore how women in Egyptian and Iranian society were given opportunity for education and in leadership. But in Roman culture, women’s roles were to birth children. Women’s positions in society are influenced by the dominant culture’s definition of their functions and role in society (Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes).

Sociology has also been used to study group relations. Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism discusses how entrepreneurs used religion to spread the system of capitalism. By tapping into religious belief systems, he proffered, people could work toward their profit making motive.

Works Cited

"August Compte." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

“David Émile Durkheim.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Domesday Book." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Dove, P. Edward. "Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886." London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1886.

Downes, Robert. Woman: Her Charm and Power. London: The Epworth Press, 1900.

Hawkins, Frank Hamilton. Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1877.

“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Marx, Karl. "Wage Labour and Capital." Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 1849. Reproduced: World Public Library, 2002. Web.

Mendheim, Barbara Anne. The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. Diss. University of Florida, 1979.

“Norman People.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Sociology." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Ward, Lester Frank. Outlines of Sociology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1921.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner, 1930

“William the Conqueror.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Young Folks’ History of England. Boston: Estes and Lauriet, 1879.

Sociology Collections

"Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit" demonstrates how sociological methods have been used to study the configuration of power, through documentation, analysis of order, and social effects. Sociology brings together different methods of thinking, to understand the complexity of society more accurately, and why we should always be vigilant of power.

Learn more about how the discipline of sociology is used, in these collections:

Top 100 books on Sociology

The Principles of Sociology : Volume 3 (by Spencer, Herbert)
Sketches of the Fair Sex, in All Parts o... (by Charles William Wason)
Socialism (Le Socialisme) (by Durkheim, Emile)
Ancient Society : Or, Researches in the ... (by Morgan, Lewis Henry)
The History and Meaning of the Term Soci... (by Shields, Leo William)
Applied Eugenics (by Roswell Hill Johnson)
Some Ksatriya Tribes of Ancient India (by Bimala Charan Law)
The Principles of Sociology : Volume 2 (by Spencer, Herbert)
Taboo and genetics, a study of the biolo... (by Knight, Melvin Moses)
Society, Its Origin and Development (by Rowe, Henry Kalloch)
The Christian Faith and Human Relations ... (by Bitting, William Coleman)
The Rise of David Levinsky; A Novel (by Cahan, Abraham)
The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarte... (by Mendheim, Barbara Anne)
The Principles of Sociology : Volume 1 (by Spencer, Herbert)
Criminal Sociology (by Ferri, Enrico)

Top 100 books on Psychology

Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory (by Freud, Sigmund)
The Science of Human Nature; A Psycholog... (by Pyle, William Henry)
The Expression of Emotion in Man and Ani... (by Darwin, Charles)
Pavlov and His School the Theory of Cond... (by Professor Y. P. Frolov)
Applied Psychology : A Series of Twelve ... (by Warren Hilton)
Sex and Society: Studies in the Social P... (by William Isaac Thomas)
Practical Lessons in Psychology (by William Otterbein Krohn)
Three Thousand Years of Mental Healing (by Cutten, George Barton)
Buddhist Psychology; An Inquiry into the... (by Davids, Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys)
The Psychology of Management: The Functi... (by Lillian Moller Gilbreth)
A Young Girl's Diary (by Freud, Sigmund)
On dreams (by Freud, Sigmund)
The Misuse of Mind (by Stephen, Karin)
Ethical Systems (by Wilhelm Wundt)
Ten Days in a Madhouse (by Bly, Nellie)

Top 100 books on Economics

The Theory of the Leisure Class (by Veblen, Thorstein)
The Trade Unions : An Appeal to the Work... (by Robert Somers)
Anarchism and Other Essays (by Emma Goldman)
Principles of Economics : Volume 1 (by Alfred Marshall)
A Treatise on Probability (by Keynes, John Maynard)
The History of the Russian Revolution to... (by Trotsky, Leon)
The Jungle (by Sinclair, Upton)
On Colonialism (by Marx, Karl)
Children of the Slaves (by Graham, Stephen)
A Contribution to the Critique of Politi... (by Marx, Karl)
The Development of Socialism from Utopia... (by Friedrich Engels)
The Causes of Poverty (by Mccarthy, Callaghan)
Leviathan (Books I and II) (by Hobbes, Thomas)
Communism in the United States (by Browder, Earl Russell)
Women and Economics: A Study of the Econ... (by Charlotte Perkins Gilman)

Top 100 books on Government

Laws (by Plato)
Of the Law of Nature and Nations : Eight... (by Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr Von)
Lex, Rex : The Law and the Prince, A Dis...
On Liberty (by Mill, J. S.)
The Bolsheviki and World Peace (by Trotsky, Leon)
The Historical, Political, And Diplomati... (by Niccolò Machiavelli)
The Republic, Score Plato Rep (by Plato)
The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Ma... (by Thomas ( Hobbes)
Plato redivivus : or, A dialogue concern... (by Neville, Henry)
On Liberty (by Winthrop, John)
Rights of Man, Score Aor Rom Volume Vol. II (by Paine, Thomas)
The Declaration of Rights of the Stamp A... (by Stamp Act Congress)
Britton (by Francis Morgan Nichols)
The Principles of Natural and Politic La... (by Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques)
Communist Manifesto, The (by Marx, Karl)

Top 100 books on Law

Documents on the League of Nations (by League of Nations. Covenant)
The Foreign Relation of China: A History... (by Pao, Ming-Chien)
A Law Dictionary : Adapted to the Consti... (by Bouvier, John)
Moses Whitmire, Trustee for the Freedmen... (by United States. Department of Justice.)
North American Free-Trade Agreement (Naf... (by United States. Congress. House. Committee On Ways ...)
Confucianism (by Anonymous)
Bartleby the Scrivener (by Melville, Herman)
Two Centuries' Growth of American Law, 1... (by Yale Law School)
Crime and Punishment (by Doestoevski, Feodor)
The Cyclopedic Law Dictionary : Comprisi... (by Shumaker, Walter A)
Crime and Custom in Savage Society (by Malinowski, Bronislaw, 1884-1942)
On Liberty (by Mill, John Stuart)
Lectures on Jurisprudence (by Robert Campbell)
The Development of the Associative Princ... (by Christopher Barker)
Democracy in America (by Tocqueville, Alexis De)

Top 100 books on Politics

Heart of Darkness (by Conrad, Joseph)
Federalist Papers, The (by Hamilton, Alexander)
On the principles of political economy, ... (by David Ricardo)
The Federalist Papers (by Hamilton, Alexander)
Anthem (by Rand, Ayn)
Revolutionary Socialism, A Study in Soci... (by Corey, Lewis)
Ten Days that Shook the World (by Reed, John)
Utilitarianism (by Mill, John Stuart)
The Laws of Plato; (by Plato)
Socialism, Utopian and Scientific (by Engels, Friedrich)
Of the Conduct of the Understanding (by John Locke)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dougl... (by Douglass, Frederick)
Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death (by Henry, Patrick)
The Iron Heel (by London, Jack)
History of the Peloponnesian War (by Thucydides)

Top 100 books on Anthropology

The Great Rift Valley : Being the Narrat... (by Gregory, John Walter)
Systematic Theology (by Hodge, Charles)
Modern Mythology (by Lang, Andrew)
Social Anthropology (by Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan)
American Anthropologist : Vol. 06 Part 0... Volume Vol. 06 Part 04 (by American Anthropological Association)
Handbook of American Indian Languages (by Franz Boas)
The Human Species (by Armand De Quatrefages De Bréau)
Anthropology as a Practical Science. Add... (by Temple, Richard Carnac, Sir)
Frederick Webb Hodge, Ethnologist : Tran... (by Hodge, Frederick Webb)
Ancient Art and Ritual (by Jane Ellen Harrison)
An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (by Lowie, Robert Harry)
International Catalogue of Scientific Li... (by Royal Society, Great Britain)
Public Health Publication : World Health... (by Margaret Mead)
Notes and Queries on Anthropology (by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain a...)
The Dynamics of Culture Change : An Inqu... (by Malinowski, Bronislaw)